Skema Rangkaian|Electronic Schematic Circuit Diagram

Applications:

1. In monitoring & controlling of power systems such as Transformers, Generators, Motors etc.
2. To analyze the performance of electrical machines.
3. Can be used as a safety device to protect machines from over loading, excessive voltage etc.
4. To make the power distribution system efficient.
5. Recording device/Line parameters.

Introduction

This unit is used to protect heavy electrical machinery from damage caused by over loading. Over heating excessive voltage etc.

The unit works as a fuse so disconnect the device or m/c from circuit when detects abnormal condition & after a fixed time (for over loading )/ or when conditions gets normal it automatically reconnects the unit or m/c to circuit.

Now if it detects the abnormal condition again it repeats the process again for a number of time & if condition does not get normal, it disconnect & locks the m/c.

We are also providing the facility of password protection so m/c will not run after locking without entering password.

Auto Recloser

In our project we designed a circuit which contains a micro controller which collects the data from sensors placed at different locations of device & display them into LCD.

Now after collecting the data micro controller compares them with standard values (pre defined for each sensor on normal working conditions) & if it detects deviation from normal values it gives a buzzer sound & if it crosses the maximum limit it trip off the unit for a fixed duration & records the collected data into EEPROM.
Now if the number of tripping exceeds the 10 no. it  permanently trip the unit & starts them only after detecting the password.

The utility of this circuit are:

1. To warn the manufacturer at the initial stage of fault so that manufacturer can take proper corrective action before serious damage to device occurs which saves a lot of money required to reconstruct the device and other associated losses.
2. Performance observation of the device.
3. Monitoring of the device.

Block Diagram Explanation

Block Diagram

A) Sensors:

This is the part of circuit which senses the different parameters of the unit.
To make the circuit unit independent it is necessary to use a conditioning unit between sensor & multiplexer. The conditioning unit will automatically maintain the output level of signals between desired limits.

B) Multiplexer:

This is required to select sensors one by one for analog to digital conversion of their values (output). When we are using single ADC the multiplexer must be analog in nature because we have to connect the analog signals.

C) A/D Converter:

This unit converts the analog signals coming from multiplexer in to 8bit parallel digital data which is a must for Micro controller operation because Micro controller can not work with analog signals directly.

D) Micro controller:

As the name indicates this unit has the over all command of all blocks or this unit decides  when to use & which unit has to be used. Since it is a programmable device it provides the facility to update the device without changes in hardware & it also reduces the hardware required to implement the circuit.

E) LCD Display:

Display plays an important role whenever we want a user friendly system because user can see & read the information from display & can get better understanding about the system. Since we want to display alphabets for massages & digits for readings we required a alphanumeric LCD display so we use a 16 character , 2 line display best suitable for our requirement because our massage length to not greater then 16 character, so they can be displayed on single line only.

F)  EEPROM R/W

As we consider a SIM it’s a memory card or ROM   which can be erased electrically because many EEPROM requires different voltage levels to program, we need a voltage level shifter or Converter to interface it with microcontroller which have only two level outputs 5VDC & 0V DC.

G)  EEPROM

It’s a two terminal memory device which stores the Information about the energy in a predefined format it contains 10, 8bit number interrelated by some mathematical function so that it can  not be charged by unauthorized persons although we have used here a chip which can be used for 256 bytes of memory so that in future we can incorporate some additional features also in same card.

H) Key Pad

This section consist the keys one to reset the controller & other one to provide the password.

I) Indications & Beeper

Although we are using here a LCD display to display the information but it is still requirement of a system that it should create the special attention of user to read same specific information on LCD this is done by this block. It generates a beeping sound on over loading mode. So that user need not to read the LCD frequently (when not required).

J)  Relay & tripping unit

To disconnect the supply when tripped.

AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKER starts following the SUN right from dawn, throughout the day, till evening, and starts all over again from dawn next day. On cloudy weathers, it remains still and catches the SUN again as it slips out of clouds. It does all this automatically, employs cheap and inexpensive components, and is very accurate.Let us see how it does all this.

There are three Electronic Modules to be explained. First one is the HORIZONTAL SENSOR MODULE. It employs the timer 555 in the MONOSTABLE MODE. PIN 2(Trigger Pin of 555) is hooked up with a VOLTAGE DIVIDER NETWORK(PLEASE see FIGURE 2). PIN 4(Reset) is hooked up with ANOTHER VOLTAGE DIVIDER NETWORK.

Fig 1: Block diagram of the tracker following the sun all through

Fig 2: Horizontal sensor electronic circuit

The LDR(SAY LDR A) which is always illuminated by light through FRESNEL LENS ARRAY, has Low Resistance(in presence of light resistance of LDR decreases and vice-versa). We know V(OUT)=V(IN)*[R(bottom)]/[R(bottom)+R(top)], where R stands For Resitance. So in SUNLIGHT, when LDR A’s resistance Decreases, VOLTAGE AT PIN 4 Increases. TIMER is no more RESET. PIN 2 is now lower than 1/3 rd Vcc(as the horizontal LDR 1, say LDR B does not initially receive light through its rectangular slit, so its resistance is high(Rtop=8 K ohms), consequently V(OUT) is low). This triggers the timer which gives a pulse to Decade Counter’s Clock(14) PIN and triggers it. The Decade Counter CD 4017 gives a NORMAL STEP DRIVE pulse to the Horizontal Unipolar Stepper Motor 1(coupled to the tracker unit) to rotate the tracker position so as to receive sunlight(STEP ANGLE of 2 DEGREES). This goes on till the horizontal LDR 1 is fully in SUNLIGHT(resistance low, so PIN 2’S VOLTAGE HIGH). Thus the tracker has followed the SUN Horizontally.

Fig 3: Horizontal Sensor electronic circuit

We will come to the Vertical Sensor Module, but first let us see what the DAWN LDR(SAY LDR C) does. At night the horizontal Module timer 555 remains Reset(as LDR A is in darkness so its resistance is high, thus pin 4 voltage is low, and the TRACKER points at WEST(where SUN has set). Next day when SUN rises again in the EAST, the DAWN LDR which is located at the back of the TRACKER, points at EAST. So when it receives sunlight its Resistance goes low, thus Voltage at pin 4 is high and the timer triggers the Decade Counter which in turn switches the Motor on, thus the TRACKER again moves towards the EAST. Then the TRACKER functions as previously.

Now placed with the Horizontal Sensor LDR 1 is another similar LDR 2 which receives the sunlight as and when does LDR 1. SEE FIGURE 3. So now, as LDR B(THE 1st horizontal one) receives sunlight, so does Horizontal LDR 2(SEE FIGURE 1, THESE 2 LDRs are placed together with same alignment properties and separated by an optically insulated coating(from each other).Thus when Motor 1 comes to rest, and as the second horizontal LDR (SAY LDR D),is same way coupled to the second timer’s(of Vertical Module) Reset pin as was the ALWAYS ILLUMINATED LDR A, it brings the second timer out of its Reset mode) by the previously discussed VOLTAGE RELATIONSHIP). EYE SENSOR LDR(SAY LDR E) of the tracker receives sunlight by an Anti-Reflection Coated, small Rectangular Slit, so reacts only when SUN directly points at it. The second 555’s PIN 2 is same way connected to this LDR as was the first 555’s to Horizontal LDR 1. So now that it still not receives sunlight (resistance high, so Vout low) and pin 4 is no more Reset, the second CD 4017 MAKES THE SECOND STEPPER MOTOR 2 Rotate(Coupled so as to only rotate VERTICAL SENSING BLOCK/EYE BLOCK ). This movement continues till the SUN directly points at the EYE of our TRACKER. Then the TRACKER STOPS, pointing very accurately at the SUN.FIG 2 and FIG 3 follows.

fig 4: Stepper motor control board

In figure 4 I have only shown the Horizontal Motor Control Circuit. The Vertical One uses a similar Decade Counter, NPN Transistors, Diodes(to encounter BACK EMF of Power Transistors due to Fast Switching). I chose for a Step Angle of 2 Degrees for the Unipolar Steppers. They are driven in a Normal 4 Step Sequence, first coil A is energised simultaneously with coil B ,then coil C with coil D. Thus the Motors rotate by 2 degrees each time. The Charging Interval(how long pin 3 of 555’s remains high) is almost in synchronism with the steps/second speed of the motors(here 600 steps/sec.), to avoid FALSE TRIGGERING.

NOTE:

1. For 555 in MONOSTABLE MODE, T=1.1*R*C.
2. For the FRESNEL LENS ARRAY , the standard FL 40(Focal Length=0.4 inches) Or FL 65(Focal Length=0.65 inches) FRESNEL LENSES could be used (with the Grooves facing the LDRs).
3. For the ANTI-REFLECTION COATING, MULTI-LAYER COATING could be used to minimize loss due to REFLECTION. By using alternating layers of a Low-Index material like SILICA and a Higher-Index material, it is possible to obtain Reflectivities as low as 0.1% at Single Wavelength.

CONCLUSION:
We Conclude with the ADVANTAGES of the TRACKER MODULE SYSTEM:

1. Uses SIMPLE, INEXPENSIVE ,EASY TO GET 555 timers and LDRs.
2. The whole System draws only 25 MicroAmperes of Current when the Motors are not rotating.(555 timer’s off-state current req. is very less).BATTERY POWER IS SAVED.
3. The TRACKER not only follows SUN from EAST to WEST and back to EAST in a cyclic manner(Horizontal Motor Module),but also tracks the Angular Movement of the SUN with respect to its ZENITH ANGLE to the Horizon(Vertical Motor Module and EYE).This is a VERSATILE quality for which the TRACKER could easily be used in conjunction with Solar Panels to derive maximum Solar Energy. Fast Motor Response(600 steps/sec.),no FALSE TRIGGERING, a Very ACCURATE System, it requires no Programming Devices(MICROPROCESSORS or MICROCONTROLLERS), so is NOT COMPLICATED.

ABSTRACT: In this modern, fast moving and insecure world, it is become a basic necessity to be aware of one’s safety. Maximum risks occur in situations wherein an employee travels for money transactions. Also the Company to which he belongs should be aware if there is some problem. What if the person traveling can be tracked and also secured in the case of an emergency?! Fantastic, isn’t it? Of course it is and here’s a system that functions as a tracking and a security system. It’s the VMSS. This system can deal with both pace and security.

The VMSS (Vehicle Monitoring and Security System) is a GPS based vehicle tracking system that is used for security applications as well. The project uses two main underlying concepts. These are GPS (Global Positioning System) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). The main application of this system in this context is tracking the vehicle to which the GPS is connected, giving the information about its position whenever required and for the security of each person travelling by the vehicle. This is done with the help of the GPS satellite and the GPS module attached to the vehicle which needs to be tracked. The GPS antenna present in the GPS module receives the information from the GPS satellite in NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) format and thus it reveals the position information. This information got from the GPS antenna has to be sent to the Base station wherein it is decoded. For this we use GSM module which has an antenna too. Thus we have at the Base station; the complete data about the vehicle.

Along with tracking the vehicle, the system is used for security applications as well. Each passenger/employee will have an ID of their own and will be using a remote containing key for Entry, Exit and Panic. The Panic button is used by the driver or the passenger so as to alert the concerned of emergency conditions. On pressing this button, an alarm will be activated which will help the passenger/employee in emergencies and keep them secure throughout the journey. The vehicle can also be immobilized remotely.

INTRODUCTION:

Of all the applications of GPS, Vehicle tracking and navigational systems have brought this technology to the day-to-day life of the common man. Today GPS fitted cars, ambulances, fleets and police vehicles are common sights on the roads of developed countries. Known by many names such as Automatic Vehicle Locating System (AVLS), Vehicle Tracking and Information System (VTIS), Mobile Asset Management System (MAMS), these systems offer an effective tool for improving the operational efficiency and utilization of the vehicles.

GPS is used in the vehicles for both tracking and navigation. Tracking systems enable a base station to keep track of the vehicles without the intervention of the driver whereas navigation system helps the driver to reach the destination. Whether navigation system or tracking system, the architecture is more or less similar. The navigation system will have convenient, usually a graphic display for the driver which is not needed for the tracking system. Vehicle tracking systems combine a number of well-developed technologies.

To design the VMSS system, we combined the GPS’s ability to pin-point location along with the ability of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) to communicate with a control center in a wireless fashion. The system includes GPS-GSM modules and a base station called the control center.

Let us briefly explain how VMSS works. In order to monitor the vehicle, it is equipped with a GPS-GSM VMSS system. It receives GPS signals from satellites, computes the location information, and then sends it to the control center. With the vehicle location information, the control center displays all of the vehicle positions on an electronic map in order to easily monitor and control their routes. Besides tracking control, the control center can also maintain wireless communication with the GPS units to provide other services such as alarms, status control, and system updates.

The design takes into consideration important factors regarding both position and data communication. Thus, the project integrates location determination (GPS) and cellular (GSM) – two distinct and powerful technologies in a single system.

VMSS is based on a PIC microcontroller-based system equipped with a GPS receiver and a GSM Module operating in the 900 MHz band. We housed the parts in one small plastic unit, which was then mounted on the vehicle and connected to GPS and GSM antennas. The position, identity, heading, and speed are transmitted either automatically at user-defined time intervals or when a certain event occurs with an assigned message (e.g.; accident, alert, or leaving/entering an admissible geographical area).

The GPS Module outputs the vehicle location information such as longitude, latitude, direction, and Greenwich Time every five minutes. The GSM wireless communications function is based on a GSM network established in a valid region and with a valid service provider. Via the SMS provided by the GSM network, the location information and the status of the GPS-GSM VMSS are sent to the control center. Meanwhile, the VMSS receives the control information from the control center via the same SMS. Next, the GPS-GSM VMSS sends the information stored in the microcontroller via an RS-232 interface.

There are two ways to use the VMSS’ alarm function, which can be signified by either a buzzer or presented on LCD. The first way is to receive the command from the control center; second way is to manually send the alarm information to the control center with the push of a button.

The base station consists of landline modem(s) and GIS workstation. The information about the vehicle is received at a base station and is then displayed on a PC based map. Vehicle information can be viewed on electronic maps via the Internet or specialized software. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provides a current, spatial, visual representation of transit operations. It is a special type of computerized database management system in which geographic databases are related to one via a common set of location coordinates.

STAGES OF VMSS

STAGE 1:

1. Driver starts his trip from the transport office.
2. VMSS transmits the Driver I.D and the Vehicle I.D along with the position of the vehicle to the base station.

STAGE 2:

1. Taxi picks up the employee/passenger from their residence.
2. VMSS transmits the Passenger I.D and the Vehicle I.D along with the position of the vehicle to the base station. Therefore base station will be able to keep a track of the vehicle and thus the employee/passenger.

STAGE 3:

1. Taxi drops the employee/passenger to the workplace.
2. VMSS transmits the Passenger I.D and the Vehicle I.D along with the position of the vehicle to the base station.

STAGE 4:

1. Taxi picks the employee/passenger from the workplace.
2. VMSS transmits the Passenger I.D and the Vehicle I.D along with the position of the vehicle to the base station. Therefore this enables the base station to estimate the time if required and also keep a track of the vehicle, passenger and the driver.

STAGE 5:

1. Taxi drops the employee/passenger to their residence.
2. VMSS transmits the Passenger I.D and the vehicle I.D along with the position of the vehicle to the base station and makes sure that the job is 100% complete.
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